Both systems consist of a combination of tools, including hydrodynamic modeling software and tools used to force models with up-to-date precipitation forecasts, and the tools are connected to decision support systems (DSSs).Ī survey concerning new tools within the framework of integrated water resources management (IWRM) was recently presented by Holzbecher et al. As examples, more detailed explanations and focus will be given in this chapter on two systems: An early warning system set up in the Australian region of the city of Parramatta and a countrywide flash flood guidance system in the Sultanate of Oman. Recent developments in flash flood early warning methods, described in the tool set section below, imply significant improvements for early warning systems. In this situation, the operation of FEWSs can be crucial. Early warnings with sufficient lead times would significantly benefit the ability of water managers to warn communities to take the necessary safety precautions. Flash floods can endanger communities and vital infrastructures. Therefore, it is important to be able to forecast these events as accurately as possible. Flood hazards can occur quickly and unexpectedly. In arid and semiarid areas, water managers deal with periods of drought and short periods of severe rainfall. Flood early warning systems (FEWSs) are an integral part of the range of advanced tools. These high-risk locations need to be considered in early warning issuances (Wicht and Osinska-Skotak 2016), rescue operations, intervention measures (Webber et al. Recorded observations enable modeling tools to identify the hot spots of high vulnerability and to predict inundation scenarios (de Risi et al. Monitoring tools based on smart sensor networks provide detailed information about the past and current state of a flood event. These tools support and strengthen each other. Such tools can assist in decision-making in various phases of flood management, ranging from predictions to live monitoring. There has been a rapid development of a new generation of “smart” tools concerning flood management. Two case studies are covered in this chapter: one specific urban case located in the city of Parrametta in Australia in an area that shows similar flood characteristics to those found in arid or semiarid regions and one case regarding the countrywide Flash Flood Guidance System in Oman (OmanFFGS). After providing a rough review of current developments, we demonstrate the operation of an advanced system with a special focus on an early warning system. New smart technologies have been implemented in every relevant sector and include hydrological sensors, remote sensing, sensor networks, data integration, hydrodynamic simulation and visualization, decision support and early warning systems as well as the dissemination of information to decision-makers and the public. Technologies concerning integrated water resources management, in general, and flood management, in particular, have recently undergone rapid developments.
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